django-rest-framework 基础三认证、权限和频率

1. 认证

登录接口: 登录成功只要给前端返回json格式字符串，这个字符串中带一个随机字符串(可以使用uuid生成)

登录接口步骤:

前端传入用户名和密码，然后去user表中查找，能找到说明用户和密码没问题，登录成功，然后在userToken表中存一条记录，说明登录过了，再返回前端一个json字符串

1.1 登录接口

models.py

from django.db import models
# Create your models here.
class User(models.Model):
    username = models.CharField(max_length=64)
    password = models.CharField(max_length=128)
    user_type = models.IntegerField(choices=((1, "超级管理员"),(2,"管理员"),(3,"普通用户")))
class UserToken(models.Model):
    user = models.OneToOneField(to=User,on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    userToken = models.CharField(max_length=64)

views.py

from django.shortcuts import render
# Create your views here.
from rest_framework.viewsets import GenericViewSet
from authenticated.models import User,UserToken
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.decorators import action
import uuid
class UserView(GenericViewSet):
    @action(methods=['POST'], detail=False)
    def login(self,request):
        username = request.data.get("username")
        password = request.data.get("password")
        user = User.objects.filter(username=username, password=password).first()
        if not user:
            return  Response({"code":1001,"msg":"用户名或密码错误"})
        token = str(uuid.uuid4())  # 获取一个不重复的值，做唯一标识
        # userToken表中有就更新，没有就创建
        #UserToken.objects.update_or_create(user=user, defaults={'token': token})
        UserToken.objects.update_or_create(user=user, defaults={'userToken': token})
        # 返回信息，并带着token
        return Response({"code":1000,"msg":"登录成功",'userToken': token})

urls.py

from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path,include
from authenticated import views
from rest_framework import routers
router = routers.SimpleRouter()
router.register('user',views.UserView, "user")
urlpatterns = [
    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
    path('', include(router.urls))
]

访问:

post请求： http://127.0.0.1:8000/user/login/

1.2 认证

有了登录接口，就可以实现认证，如果要调用别的接口必须要先登录才可以。

例如有个图书的表有五个接口，要访问图书的五个接口必须就登录。

步骤：

1. 先写一个类，继承BaseAuthentication，并重写authenticate方法,在方法中校验是否登录，登录则返回两个值，没有则拋异常
from rest_framework.authentication import BaseAuthentication
class xxxx(BaseAuthentication):
    def authenticate(self, request):
        
2.  全局配置和局部配置
全局配置:
settings.py中
    REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    "DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES":["authenticated.authentication.LoingAuth"]
}
局部配置：
在视图类中：
authentication_classes = [xxxx,]
禁止局部署配置：
authentication_classes = []
登录则返回两个值:
    request.user 当前登录的用户
    request.auth 为当前登录用户的token

示例:

models.py

from django.db import models
# Create your models here.
class User(models.Model):
    username = models.CharField(max_length=64)
    password = models.CharField(max_length=128)
    user_type = models.IntegerField(choices=((1, "超级管理员"),(2,"管理员"),(3,"普通用户")))
class UserToken(models.Model):
    user = models.OneToOneField(to=User,on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    userToken = models.CharField(max_length=64)
class Book(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=64)
    price = models.DecimalField(max_digits=5, decimal_places=2)
    author = models.CharField(max_length=64)

认证功能,在app中新建authentication.py

from rest_framework.authentication import BaseAuthentication
from authenticated.models import  UserToken
from rest_framework.exceptions import AuthenticationFailed
class LoingAuth(BaseAuthentication):
    def authenticate(self, request):
        token = request.query_params.get('token')
        user_token = UserToken.objects.filter(userToken=token).first()
        if not user_token:
            raise AuthenticationFailed("请先登录")
        return user_token.user, token

views.py

from django.shortcuts import render
# Create your views here.
from rest_framework.viewsets import GenericViewSet
from authenticated.models import User,UserToken
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.decorators import action
import uuid
from rest_framework.viewsets import ModelViewSet
from authenticated.models import Book
from authenticated.serializer import BookSerializer
from authenticated.authentication import LoingAuth
class UserView(GenericViewSet):
    @action(methods=['POST'], detail=False)
    def login(self,request):
        username = request.data.get("username")
        password = request.data.get("password")
        user = User.objects.filter(username=username, password=password).first()
        if not user:
            return  Response({"code":1001,"msg":"用户名或密码错误"})
        token = str(uuid.uuid4())
        # userToken表中有就更新，没有就创建
        #UserToken.objects.update_or_create(user=user, defaults={'token': token})
        UserToken.objects.update_or_create(user=user, defaults={'userToken': token})
        return Response({"code":1000,"msg":"登录成功",'token': token})
class BookView(ModelViewSet):
    # 只对BookView单独进行认证(局部配置)
    authentication_classes = [LoingAuth,]
    queryset = Book.objects.all()
    serializer_class = BookSerializer

路由urls.py

from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path,include
from authenticated import views
from rest_framework import routers
router = routers.SimpleRouter()
router.register('user',views.UserView, "user")
router.register('books', views.BookView,"books")
urlpatterns = [
    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
    path('', include(router.urls))
]

全局配置settings.py

REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    "DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES":["authenticated.authentication.LoingAuth"],
}
# authenticated.authentication.LoingAuth 为写的认证的类
# 全局配置后局部配置的就可以取消了。
# 但是全局配置后如果有些类不想让它有认证，比如登录接口，它不能有认证否则就死循环了。
# 全局配置后，单独取消某一个接口的认证： 
class UserView(ViewSet):
    authentication_classes = []  # 让它等于空就可以了。

2. 权限

所有的接口必须登录后才能访问(给每个视图加认证)，登录成功后如果是普通用户则只可查看全部或单条数据。如果想要增删改必须是管理员或超级管理员。

演示可以把五个接口写成两个视图：

在应用目录下创建permission.py文件

permission.py

from rest_framework.permissions import BasePermission
class userPermission(BasePermission):
    def has_permission(self, request, view):
        user_type = request.user.user_type
        # (1, "超级管理员"),(2,"管理员"),(3,"普通用户")，如果小于3说明是管理或超管用户
        if user_type <3:
            return True
        else:
            return False

视图views.py

from rest_framework.viewsets import GenericViewSet
from authenticated.models import User, UserToken
from authenticated.models import Book
from authenticated.serializer import BookSerializer
from authenticated.authentication import LoingAuth
from rest_framework.mixins import CreateModelMixin, ListModelMixin, DestroyModelMixin, UpdateModelMixin, \
    RetrieveModelMixin
    #用户登录接口此处省略(见上面1.2认证)
    
    
# 查看全部和单条。只要登录了谁都可以访问
class BookView(GenericViewSet, ListModelMixin, RetrieveModelMixin):
    authentication_classes = [LoingAuth, ]
    queryset = Book.objects.all()
    serializer_class = BookSerializer
#  只有管理和超管用户可以 创建、修改、新增
from authenticated.permission import userPermission
class BookDetailView(GenericViewSet, CreateModelMixin, UpdateModelMixin, DestroyModelMixin):
    authentication_classes = [LoingAuth]
    permission_classes = [userPermission]
    queryset = Book.objects.all()
    serializer_class = BookSerializer

路由 urls.py:

from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path,include
from authenticated import views
from rest_framework import routers
router = routers.SimpleRouter()
router.register('user',views.UserView, "user")
router.register('books', views.BookView,"books")
router.register('bookdetail', views.BookDetailView,"bookdetail")
urlpatterns = [
    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
    path('', include(router.urls))
]

全局配置settings.py

REST_FRAMEWORK = {
   "DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES":["authenticated.permission.userPermission"],
}
# authenticated.permission.userPermission 为写的权限的类
# 全局配置后局部配置的就可以取消了。
# 全局配置后，单独取消某一个接口的权限： 
class UserView(ViewSet):
    permission_classes = []  # 让它等于空就可以了。

普通用户访问的时候会报没有权限

2.1 权限总结：

两个视图：

BookView：获取所有，获取单条
BookDetailView：删除，修改，新增
上面两个视图都需要登录：authentication_classes = [LoginAuth, ]
BookDetailView必须有权限才能，加了一个权限，permission_classes = [UserPermission, ]

编写权限步骤

第一步：写一个类，继承BasePermission，重写has_permission，判断如果有权限，返回True，如果没有权限，返回False
第二步：局部配置和全局配置
局部配置
        class BookDetailView(GenericViewSet, CreateModelMixin, DestroyModelMixin, UpdateModelMixin):
            permission_classes = [UserPermission, ]
    
全局配置
    settings.py
          REST_FRAMEWORK={
            "DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES":["authenticated.permission.userPermission",]
        }

3. 频率

限制访问的频率

在应用目录创建throttle.py文件用来限制频率

throttle.py

from rest_framework.throttling import SimpleRateThrottle
class IpThrottle(SimpleRateThrottle):
    scope = 'min_3'   # 在settings.py定义给哪个类限制的频率
    # get_cache_key 返回什么就以什么做限制，现在是以IP做限制
    def get_cache_key(self, request, view):
        return request.META.get('REMOTE_ADDR')  # 返回的是客户端的IP，以IP做限制
        # return request.user.id # 返回已经登录的用户的id，以用户id做限制

views.py

from authenticated.throttle import IpThrottle
# 查看全部和单条。只要登录了谁都可以访问
class BookView(GenericViewSet, ListModelMixin, RetrieveModelMixin):
    authentication_classes = [LoingAuth, ]
    throttle_classes = [IpThrottle]  # 访问BookView类做限制
    queryset = Book.objects.all()
    serializer_class = BookSerializer

settings.py

REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    "DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES":{
        'min_3':'3/m',  
    },
}
# min_3 就是上面throttle.py.IpThrottle里scope定义的，这个一定要和scope定义的一致
# 3/m 每一分钟访问3次 ('s', 'sec', 'm', 'min', 'h', 'hour', 'd', 'day')
# 如果throttle.py.IpThrottle里还有别的限制的类，如果scope也是为min_3，那它也是每分钟访问3次的限制

超过3次就会报错:

上面的配置为局部配置，也可以设置全局配置

settings.py

REST_FRAMEWORK = {
   "DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES" : ["authenticated.throttle.IpThrottle"], # 全局配置
    "DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES":{ 
        'min_3':'3/m',
    },
}
# 同样设置了全局，局部的throttle_classes = [IpThrottle]就可以不写了
# 如果只是某个类禁用:
throttle_classes = []

3.1 频率总结

步骤:

第一步：写一个类，继承SimpleRateThrottle，重写类属性：scope，和get_cache_key方法
      get_cache_key返回什么，就以什么做限制，
    scope配置文件中要用
    
第二步：在配置文件中配置
settings.py中
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    "DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES":{
        'min_3':'3/m',  # minute_3是scope的字符串，一分钟访问3次
    },
}
第三步： 使用
1. 局部使用--》视图类中
  class BookView(GenericViewSet, ListModelMixin, RetrieveModelMixin):
    throttle_classes = [IPThrottle]
    
2. 全局使用--配置文件中
settings.py中
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    "DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES" : ["authenticated.throttle.IpThrottle"],
    "DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES":{
        'min_3':'3/m',  # minute_3是scope的字符串，一分钟访问3次
    },
}

django-rest-framework 基础三 认证、权限和频率

1. 认证

1.1 登录接口

1.2 认证

2. 权限

2.1 权限总结：

3. 频率

3.1 频率总结

django-rest-framework 基础三认证、权限和频率